The selected DNA is exposed to calcium phosphate. This exposure creates tiny graules. The targeted cells will respond to the granules by surrdounding and ingesting them. When this happens, it allows the granule to release DNA and deliver it to the host’s nuclei and chromosomes.

Using Electroporation To Create GM Organisms


Like Bacterial carrier technique, the prepared target cells are soaked in a special solution with selected DNA in it. A short but strong electric shock will then passed through the solution. This causes small tears in the cell walls, which allows easy penetration of other genes into the nuclei. The cells are placed in different solutions to allow the repair of their walls. When this happens, it locks the “donor” DNA in the cells. The selected DNA will be incorporated into the host chromosomes to give the host a new gene.

Biolistics For GM Technology

The selected DNA is being attached to microscopic particles of gold. The particles are being forced into the target cells by using burst of gas under pressure. The selected DNA is being attached to microscopic particles of gold. The particles are being forced into the target cells by using burst of gas under pressure. With GM techniques, they are sometimes used to remove a gene that is responsible for an undesirable trait. When gene silencing is used, the gene that is responsible for this trait will first be identified in the organism. Then, another copy of the gene is attached but in the other direction, which prevents the expression of that trait. For instance, an allergen that triggers an allergic reaction in humans could be 'silenced' in this manner.

Gene Splicing

With this GM technique available, biotechnologist can easily modify DNA, and then insert it into target host cells to allow for genes and resulting traits to be modified. An enzyme is then used to fuse the newly added gene into the chromosome.

Using A Viral Carrier

Viruses are effective carrier for modification of an organism. The chosen virus will be the one that will not incur any kind of disease or death. The addition of the chosen DNA into the virus genome can infect the target. Once this takes place, the virus will start to invade the cell and duplicate copies of it self. The chosen DNA can be added to targeted cell.

Other techniques available includes lipofection or microinjection. These two techniques show how vast the array of techniques can modified an organism.


Better Health Channel (May2010) Genetically modified foods - techniques. Retrieved on 15th june 2010 from http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/Bhcv2/bhcArticles.nsf/pages/Genetically_modified_foods_techniques?open

ProQuest (April2000)Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful?Retrieved on 14th June from
http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php

Posted By: Alicia Chee